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The Donut Universe (by Robby Gurdan)

Russian version
Why if there is only positive gravitation does the universe expand in a way that the distances between any masses in the universe increase?

The next unexplainable phenomenon that we the 3 dimensional “sand people” encounter is the fact that all masses in the universe seem to increase the distance between each other.
This was proven by the fact that the light, coming from masses far away, is red shifted. It means that the light shows a recognizable frequency shift which happens if a mass is moving away and due to this fact bending the frequency of the light, emitted or reflected, down. The further the mass is away , the more it is red shifted.
This phenomenon, known as the Doppler effect, takes also place with sound waves, making a car engine sounding higher when it moves towards us (blue shift) and deeper when it moves away from us (red shift).

If our assumed elastic torus would expand while rotating, the 2 dimensional sand people would encounter a red shift to any other sand particles, as long as they would not be able to see more further then the half of the universe from any place in their universe.
If they would, they would run into an even stranger phenomenon.

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